How Piaget, Vygotsky, Kolb, Ausubel help shape sequences (short)

• Piaget: match tasks to likely cognitive operations (concrete operations need experience; formal operations can handle hypotheticals) — but treat ages as guides, not limits.
• Vygotsky: design within students’ Zone of Proximal Development — scaffold, use collaborative tasks and teacher mediation.
• Kolb: cycle experience → reflect → conceptualize → test. Design activities that allow learners to pass through these phases.
• Ausubel: build on and make explicit prior knowledge. Use advance organizers and concept maps to anchor new learning.

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